A new analysis by United Nations University researchers warns that the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies is heavily dependent on critical mineral extraction that is causing severe environmental and social harm in poorer regions. Minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and copper—essential for AI systems, batteries, and renewable energy infrastructure—are largely sourced from countries including Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chile, Bolivia, and Zambia. The report highlights how mining operations consume vast amounts of water, contaminate ecosystems with toxic waste, and contribute to health crises in nearby communities, including water insecurity, disease, and food system disruption. Researchers argue that without stronger global regulation, supply chain oversight, and investment in cleaner extraction methods, the AI-driven technological transition risks repeating past patterns of resource exploitation. They also call for longer product lifespans, improved recycling, and fairer governance systems that give local communities greater control over natural resources.
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